Age of Acquisition and the Brain: a Systematic Review of Neurolinguistic Studies on Second Language Learning

Windy Harsiwi

doi:10.55927/jeda.v4i2.131

Authors

Windy Harsiwi Diponegoro University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/jeda.v4i2.131

Keywords:

Age of Acquisition, Second Language Learning, Neurolinguistics, Neuroplasticity, Critical Period, Bilingualism

Abstract

The modern world's interconnectedness underscores the importance of second language learning (SLL). Neurolinguistic research, using techniques like fMRI and EEG, investigates how Age of Acquisition (AoA) impacts brain processing. Early AoA is linked to more native-like neural processing, particularly in phonology and syntax, with greater integration of language networks. Late learners, though proficient, often activate additional cognitive control regions, suggesting compensatory strategies. Brain areas such as the inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus are structurally and functionally modulated by AoA. While early AoA confers neurocognitive advantages, adult learners exhibit significant plasticity, influencing language teaching methods. Future research should address underrepresented age groups and individual differences.

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